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Seonsan, nestled within Chungbuk Province in South Korea, occupies a geographically significant position in the central part of the Korean Peninsula. Located at coordinates 37.0333, 127.5167, the city is characterized by a moderately hilly terrain, typical of the region’s transition zone between the mountainous interior and the western plains. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural lands, primarily rice paddies and fruit orchards, interspersed with smaller forested areas. The proximity to the Sobaeksan mountain range to the east influences local wind patterns and can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. While not directly on the coast, Seonsan’s location is influenced by maritime air masses, bringing moisture and moderating temperatures. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre giving way quickly to agricultural fields. Industrial activity is present, though less concentrated than in major metropolitan areas like Seoul or Busan, primarily focused on light manufacturing and food processing. This mix of agricultural practices, light industry, and the surrounding topography creates a unique set of conditions impacting local air quality. The relatively small population of 14,000 means emissions are lower than larger cities, but regional transport of pollutants remains a factor.

Seonsan experiences a distinct four-season climate, profoundly influencing its air quality. Spring (March-May) often sees increased particulate matter from agricultural burning and dust storms originating from the Gobi Desert, carried by westerly winds. These conditions can exacerbate respiratory issues. Summers (June-August) are typically wetter due to the East Asian monsoon, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere, resulting in generally improved air quality, though high humidity can trap ozone near the surface. Autumn (September-November) presents a period of relative stability, with clear skies and moderate temperatures, making it the most favourable season for outdoor activities. However, stagnant air can lead to localized pollution build-up from heating sources as temperatures drop. Winter (December-February) is the most challenging period. Cold, dry air from Siberia combined with frequent temperature inversions traps pollutants, particularly from heating fuels. This leads to increased concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and sulfur dioxide. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during winter mornings and evenings. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding activity on still, cold days is advisable.