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Daegu, South Korea's fourth-largest city, occupies a strategic basin in the southeastern region of the Korean Peninsula, encircled by the Palgongsan and Biseulsan mountain ranges to the north and south, respectively. This topographic bowl, with an average elevation of about 50 meters above sea level, significantly influences air quality by trapping pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions, particularly during winter. The city lies approximately 80 kilometers inland from the southeastern coast, reducing the moderating effects of sea breezes that might otherwise disperse contaminants. Daegu is a key urban hub in the Gyeongsang region, characterized by dense urbanization with sprawling residential and commercial districts, yet it transitions abruptly to rural and agricultural lands at its periphery, creating a sharp urban–rural gradient. Proximity to the Gumi Industrial Complex, part of the broader Gumi corridor along the Nakdong River, introduces substantial industrial emissions, while the river itself and surrounding farmlands contribute to dust and agricultural burning particulates. The city's location in East Asia also makes it vulnerable to transboundary pollution, including fine dust from China and Mongolia, exacerbated by prevailing westerly winds. This geographic setting, combined with high vehicle density and construction activity, creates a persistent air quality challenge, where natural ventilation is limited by the encircling mountains, leading to frequent accumulation of pollutants, especially PM2.5 and road dust.

In Daegu, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its continental monsoon climate. Winter, from December to March, marks the peak pollution period, driven by temperature inversions that trap vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and transboundary PM2.5 within the city's basin. Cold, stagnant air and reduced precipitation exacerbate fine dust levels, making outdoor activities particularly hazardous for sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions. Spring brings some relief with increased winds and the end of heating season, but March can still see high pollution due to Asian dust storms sweeping in from the Gobi Desert, requiring caution during outdoor excursions. Summer, from June to August, offers the cleanest air as monsoon rains wash away particulates and southerly winds enhance dispersion, though heatwaves can occasionally spike ozone levels. Autumn is generally moderate, with cooler temperatures and stable conditions, but early season may experience residual dust. To minimize health risks, avoid strenuous outdoor activities in winter and during dust events, favor summer for outdoor pursuits, and monitor real-time air quality alerts year-round. Sensitive individuals should use air purifiers indoors and wear masks during high-pollution episodes, especially in peak months.