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Hanyang, nestled within Gyeongbuk Province in South Korea, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 35.9167° N, 128.8167° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, a typical feature of the Taebaek Mountains’ southern fringes. Elevation varies, contributing to localized microclimates and influencing air circulation patterns. Situated inland, Hanyang lacks direct coastal influence, though it benefits from proximity to the Nakdong River basin, a vital watershed for the region. This proximity moderates temperatures to some extent, but also introduces potential for humidity-related particulate matter formation under certain conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a patchwork of agricultural fields – primarily rice paddies and fruit orchards – interspersed with smaller villages. This urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Hanyang representing a small, localized urban center within a largely agrarian setting. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Hanyang’s location within Gyeongbuk places it within a region experiencing increasing industrial development, particularly in areas further north towards Pohang and Ulsan. Agricultural practices, including seasonal burning of crop residue (though increasingly regulated), can contribute to localized air pollution episodes. The topography, combined with the regional climate, can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of temperature inversion, trapping pollutants and exacerbating air quality challenges. The city’s relatively small size means that localized emissions from vehicles and residential heating have a disproportionate impact on air quality.

Hanyang’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Korea’s monsoon climate. Spring (March-May) often brings a noticeable increase in particulate matter, driven by yellow dust intrusions from the Gobi Desert and increased agricultural activity. These events are frequently accompanied by periods of reduced visibility and respiratory irritation. Summer (June-August) is typically the cleanest season, thanks to the monsoon rains which effectively ‘wash’ the atmosphere, removing pollutants and increasing humidity. However, periods of intense heat and humidity can still lead to the formation of ground-level ozone, particularly during stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual decline in air quality as temperatures cool and wind patterns become less consistent. The return of drier conditions allows for the accumulation of pollutants. Winter (December-February) is generally the most challenging period. Cold temperatures lead to increased residential heating, primarily using biomass or coal in some areas, contributing significantly to particulate matter pollution. Temperature inversions are common during winter, trapping pollutants close to the ground and creating prolonged periods of poor air quality. Fog, frequently occurring during these months, further exacerbates the problem by reducing atmospheric mixing. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and on days with visible haze. Springtime yellow dust events also warrant caution, with indoor air purification recommended during these periods. Staying informed about local weather forecasts and air quality advisories is crucial for minimizing exposure.