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Maridi, situated in Western Equatoria State, South Sudan, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s southwestern region. Located at coordinates 4.9151, 29.4769, the city rests on relatively flat terrain, typical of the Bahr el Ghazal region, at an elevation of approximately 650 meters above sea level. This places it within a transitional zone between the savanna woodlands and the denser equatorial forests further south. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by grasslands interspersed with patches of woodland and agricultural land. Maridi benefits from proximity to the River Maridi, a tributary of the Bahr el Ghazal, which provides a vital water source but also contributes to localised humidity. Unlike many global cities, Maridi lacks a concentrated industrial belt; economic activity is largely agrarian, focused on subsistence farming and small-scale agriculture – primarily cassava, maize, and groundnuts. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with a rapid transition from the town centre to rural farming areas. This agrarian focus, coupled with the prevalent use of biomass for cooking and heating, significantly influences the city’s air quality profile. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities also contributes to particulate matter concentrations, particularly during the dry season. The relatively flat topography limits natural dispersion of pollutants.

Maridi experiences a distinct wet and dry season, dictating the patterns of air quality throughout the year. The dry season, spanning roughly December to March, witnesses the highest pollution levels. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased reliance on burning biomass for cooking and warmth exacerbates particulate matter (PM) concentrations. Harmattan winds, carrying dust from the Sahara Desert, can further degrade air quality during this period, particularly in January and February. Outdoor activity should be minimized during these months, especially for individuals with respiratory conditions. The onset of the wet season, around April, brings a significant improvement in air quality. Rainfall washes away pollutants, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the wet season (April-November) isn’t without its challenges. Increased fungal spores and mold growth can trigger allergic reactions. While generally favourable, periods of stagnant air during the wet season can lead to localised build-up of pollutants. November, as the dry season approaches, sees a gradual deterioration. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should take precautions throughout the year, but particularly during the peak dry season months. Monitoring local conditions and limiting strenuous outdoor activity during periods of visible haze is advisable.