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Aguadulce, nestled within the province of Andalusia in southern Spain, occupies a unique coastal position just east of the city of Huelva. Its coordinates (36.7642, -2.6147) place it on a relatively flat coastal plain, a characteristic of the Guadalquivir River delta region. The town’s name, meaning 'sweet water,' hints at its historical reliance on freshwater springs and its proximity to the Tinto River, which flows into the Gulf of Cádiz. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to olive groves and citrus cultivation, and expanses of salt marshes and wetlands, vital habitats for migratory birds. The urban fabric of Aguadulce is characterized by a mix of traditional Andalusian architecture and more modern developments, reflecting its growth as a tourist destination and residential area for those seeking a coastal lifestyle. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gentle, with agricultural fields and natural areas bordering the town’s periphery. Elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 20 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate air quality issues by limiting vertical dispersion of pollutants. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Aguadulce benefits from, and is potentially impacted by, industrial activity concentrated in Huelva, particularly related to mining and port operations. The prevailing winds from the Atlantic Ocean generally provide some degree of ventilation, but local topography and weather patterns can significantly influence pollutant concentrations, especially during periods of calm weather or temperature inversions. The proximity to the Gulf of Cádiz also introduces the possibility of sea salt aerosol impacting local air quality.

Aguadulce experiences a Mediterranean climate, dictating a distinct seasonal pattern in its air quality. Summers (July-August) are typically hot and dry, with minimal rainfall and frequent periods of atmospheric stability. This often leads to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, hindering the vertical mixing of pollutants. Consequently, particulate matter and ozone levels can increase during these months, making it advisable for sensitive individuals, such as the elderly and those with respiratory conditions, to limit strenuous outdoor activity during the hottest parts of the day. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October) generally offer the most favourable air quality, with moderate temperatures, increased rainfall, and more frequent wind events that help disperse pollutants. Winter (November-March) brings cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall, which can help to cleanse the atmosphere. However, periods of calm weather and fog, particularly in December and January, can lead to localized pollution build-up, especially near traffic corridors. Agricultural practices, such as burning crop residues (though increasingly regulated), can also contribute to seasonal spikes in particulate matter. The prevailing westerly winds from the Atlantic typically provide a degree of natural ventilation, but their strength and direction can vary significantly, impacting the distribution of pollutants. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor activities throughout the year.