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Brenes, nestled in the province of Seville, Andalusia, Spain, occupies a strategically important position within the Guadalquivir Valley. Its coordinates (37.5500, -5.8667) place it approximately 7 kilometers northwest of Seville, benefiting from the regional capital’s infrastructure while retaining a distinct rural character. The terrain surrounding Brenes is gently undulating, transitioning from fertile agricultural plains to the foothills of the Sierra Morena mountain range to the north. This proximity to the mountains influences local weather patterns and can contribute to localized air quality challenges. The Guadalquivir River, though not directly adjacent, exerts a significant climatic influence, moderating temperatures and contributing to humidity. Brenes sits within a predominantly agricultural landscape, with olive groves, vineyards, and cereal crops dominating the surrounding countryside. This rural setting contrasts with the urban sprawl of Seville, creating a gradual urban–rural gradient. While Brenes itself is a relatively small municipality, its close proximity to Seville means it is indirectly affected by the industrial activity and transportation corridors associated with the larger city. The valley’s topography, with its tendency to trap cooler air, can occasionally exacerbate pollution episodes, particularly during periods of stagnant weather. The elevation of Brenes, around 25 meters above sea level, contributes to a generally mild climate, but also means that pollutants released from Seville can readily drift into the municipality. The surrounding landscape, a mix of cultivated fields and scattered woodlands, plays a role in absorbing some pollutants, but the overall impact of Seville’s air quality is undeniable.

Brenes experiences a Mediterranean climate, dictating a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. Summers (July-August) are typically hot and dry, with minimal rainfall and frequent periods of atmospheric stability. This often leads to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the dispersion of pollutants originating from Seville. Agricultural activities, including harvesting and burning of crop residues (though increasingly regulated), can also contribute to localized particulate matter during these months. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October) generally offer the most favourable air quality, with moderate temperatures, increased rainfall, and more frequent wind patterns that help to disperse pollutants. However, autumn can occasionally see episodes of stagnant air, particularly when high-pressure systems settle over the region. Winters (December-February) are cooler and wetter, with occasional fog, which can trap pollutants close to the ground, especially in the mornings. The Guadalquivir River’s influence is most noticeable during the warmer months, providing a slight cooling effect and increasing humidity, which can help to cleanse the air. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the summer months and on days with fog or temperature inversions. Limiting strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution times and staying informed about local air quality forecasts are advisable. The agricultural cycle, with its associated activities, can impact air quality, so awareness of seasonal farming practices is beneficial.