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Lepe, nestled in the province of Huelva, Andalusia, Spain, occupies a strategic coastal position within the Gulf of Cádiz. Its coordinates (37.2542, -7.2033) place it on a relatively flat terrain, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, directly bordering the Atlantic Ocean. This proximity to the ocean significantly influences local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to strawberry cultivation – a major economic driver for the region – and patches of scrubland and pine forests characteristic of the Andalusian coastline. To the north, the terrain gradually rises towards the foothills of the Sierra de Aracena and Picos de Aroche, providing a degree of topographical shielding. However, the prevailing westerly winds, common in this area, often carry pollutants from industrial zones further inland, impacting Lepe’s air quality. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town transitions quickly from built-up areas to agricultural fields and natural habitats. While Lepe itself lacks heavy industry, its location within the wider Huelva province, which includes mining and refining activities, means it can experience transboundary pollution. The Marismas del Odiel, a significant wetland area nearby, also plays a role in air quality, acting as a natural filter but also potentially contributing to localised humidity and fog, which can trap pollutants under certain conditions. The flat coastal plain allows for efficient wind dispersal, but also limits the natural elevation-driven cleansing of the atmosphere.

Lepe’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Mediterranean climate and prevailing winds. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as stronger westerly winds sweep away potential pollutants, although pollen levels can rise, impacting those with allergies. Summer (June-August) is typically drier and hotter, with calmer winds and a higher frequency of temperature inversions, particularly during the early morning hours. These inversions trap pollutants closer to the ground, potentially leading to localised increases in particulate matter, especially from agricultural activities like strawberry farming, which may involve pesticide application. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of stronger winds, gradually improving air quality, but also introducing the possibility of Saharan dust episodes, which can significantly degrade visibility and respiratory health. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period. Cooler temperatures and frequent fog, combined with reduced wind speeds, can lead to stagnant air and the accumulation of pollutants. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can also contribute to localised smoke events. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during winter and summer mornings, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring local air quality information. During Saharan dust events, wearing a mask can help filter out particulate matter. The agricultural cycle, with its peak activity during spring and autumn, influences the types of pollutants present, with ammonia and particulate matter from fertiliser and pesticide use being key concerns.