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Osuna, nestled in the heart of Andalusia, Spain, occupies a strategic position within the Sierra Sur de Sevilla mountain range. Its coordinates (37.2333, -5.1000) place it approximately 37 kilometers northwest of Seville, the regional capital. The city’s terrain is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, with an average elevation of around 250 meters above sea level. This elevation, combined with the surrounding landscape of olive groves, cereal fields, and cork oak forests, significantly influences Osuna’s air quality. The Guadalquivir River, though not directly adjacent, exerts a regional climatic influence, moderating temperatures and occasionally contributing to humidity. Osuna sits on the edge of an urban–rural gradient; the immediate vicinity is predominantly agricultural, while Seville’s industrial and transportation activity, though distant, can contribute to regional pollution transport. The Sierra Sur range acts as a partial barrier, shielding Osuna from some easterly winds but also creating conditions conducive to temperature inversions, particularly during the cooler months. The surrounding agricultural lands, while generally beneficial, can occasionally release particulate matter from tilling and burning practices. The city itself is relatively small, with a population of just over 17,000, limiting local industrial emissions. However, its proximity to major transportation routes connecting Seville to other Andalusian cities means that vehicular traffic remains a key factor in local air quality dynamics. The geological composition of the area, with underlying limestone, can also influence the dispersion of pollutants.

Osuna’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Andalusia’s Mediterranean climate. Summers (July-August) are typically hot and dry, with minimal rainfall and persistent sunshine. This leads to stagnant air conditions, particularly during heatwaves, which can trap pollutants close to the ground. While local emissions are relatively low, the lack of wind and potential for temperature inversions can result in a noticeable build-up of particulate matter and ozone. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October) generally offer the most favourable air quality, with moderate temperatures, increased rainfall, and more frequent wind events that help disperse pollutants. Winter (November-March) presents a different challenge. Cooler temperatures often lead to the formation of fog, particularly in the valleys surrounding Osuna, which can significantly reduce visibility and trap pollutants. Temperature inversions are also more common during these months, further exacerbating the issue. The agricultural cycle also plays a role; burning of agricultural residues, though regulated, can occasionally contribute to particulate matter in the autumn. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the summer months and on days with fog or temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the spring and autumn, when the air is typically cleaner and temperatures are more moderate. Monitoring local weather forecasts for indications of stagnant air or fog is advisable.