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Ejea de los Caballeros, nestled in the heart of Aragon, Spain, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ebro River Valley. Located at approximately 42.13° N, 1.14° W, the city’s terrain is gently undulating, characterized by rolling hills and fertile plains, a legacy of the Ebro’s alluvial deposits. Its elevation of around 530 meters above sea level contributes to a relatively stable climate, but also influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily cereal crops and vineyards – interspersed with pockets of Mediterranean scrubland and the occasional olive grove, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient. Ejea’s proximity to the Ebro River, while providing a vital water source, can also contribute to localized humidity and fog formation, impacting pollutant dispersion. The city sits on the edge of the Moncayo Mountains to the north, which can act as a barrier, trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Ejea’s location within Aragon places it within a region experiencing increasing agricultural intensification, potentially leading to emissions from fertilizer use and livestock farming. The urban character is relatively compact, with a historic center radiating outwards, and a gradual transition to more modern residential areas. This spatial arrangement influences how pollutants are distributed throughout the city, with the historic core potentially experiencing higher concentrations due to narrower streets and less ventilation. The regional position, being inland and relatively sheltered, means Ejea is less exposed to maritime influences that would typically cleanse the air.

Ejea de los Caballeros experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) typically sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities intensify during this period, potentially leading to increased ammonia emissions from fertilizer application and livestock operations, which can contribute to particulate matter formation. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by hot, dry conditions and periods of stagnant air, particularly during heatwaves. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localized air quality concerns. August often sees the lowest rainfall, exacerbating this issue. Autumn (September-November) brings a return to more dynamic weather patterns, with increased wind speeds and rainfall, which help to flush out pollutants. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can temporarily degrade air quality during this season. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses and frequent fog events limit atmospheric mixing, leading to pollutant accumulation. The lack of wind and the prevalence of temperature inversions create conditions conducive to the build-up of fine particulate matter. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of fog and temperature inversions, particularly in the mornings. Increased ventilation in homes and minimizing the use of wood-burning stoves are also advisable during the winter months. The transition periods of spring and autumn require vigilance regarding agricultural emissions and potential burning events.