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Irún, nestled in the Basque Country of Spain, occupies a strategically vital location at the westernmost point of the Bay of Biscay, bordering France. Its coordinates (43.3378, -1.7888) place it within a dynamic coastal geography characterized by a gradual transition from the Pyrenees mountains to the relatively flat coastal plains. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 35 meters above sea level, influencing local wind patterns and potential for coastal fog formation. The surrounding landscape is a blend of rolling hills, agricultural fields – primarily dedicated to livestock grazing and cereal cultivation – and the rugged foothills of the Pyrenees. This urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly giving way to the built environment. Irún’s proximity to the French border, specifically to Hendaye, creates a unique transboundary urban area, impacting traffic flows and industrial activity. Historically, the city’s location has made it a significant transportation hub, with the port of Hondarribia nearby facilitating trade. The Bay of Biscay itself moderates temperatures, but also introduces maritime influences on air quality, including salt spray and potential for pollutants transported from across the Atlantic. While Irún itself doesn't host major heavy industry, it benefits from and is affected by industrial belts located further inland within the Basque Country and across the border in France, particularly around Bayonne. The prevailing westerly winds often carry pollutants from these areas, impacting local air quality, especially during periods of meteorological stagnation.

Irún’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm dictated by its climate and geographical setting. Winters, characterized by cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, generally see improved air quality due to frequent precipitation washing away particulate matter and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, periods of prolonged calm can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground, particularly in the valleys surrounding the city. Spring brings a gradual warming and increased sunshine, but also a rise in pollen levels, impacting those with respiratory sensitivities. Summer is typically the most challenging period. High temperatures and prolonged periods of sunshine often coincide with stagnant air masses, reducing wind speeds and allowing pollutants from both local traffic and transboundary sources to accumulate. The proximity to agricultural areas can also contribute to ammonia emissions during this season. Autumn mirrors spring, with a mix of improving conditions as temperatures cool and rainfall increases, but also potential for localized pollution episodes. Fog, common during the cooler months, can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during summer months and periods of fog or temperature inversion, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and monitoring for any respiratory discomfort. The agricultural cycle, with its associated fertilizer application, can also influence air quality throughout the year, requiring vigilance regarding ammonia levels.