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Béjar, nestled within the rugged Sierra de Gata mountains of Castile and León, Spain, occupies a geographically significant position influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 40.38° N, 5.77° W, and an elevation of 832 meters (2,730 feet) above sea level, the city experiences a pronounced continental climate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by steep slopes, dense oak forests, and scrubland, characteristic of the dehesa ecosystem – a traditional agroforestry system. This terrain significantly impacts air circulation; the mountains often create localized valleys where pollutants can become trapped, particularly during periods of calm weather. Béjar’s proximity to the Extremadura region introduces agricultural influences, with nearby olive groves and livestock farming contributing to potential emissions, though these are generally diffuse. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city transitioning quickly into the mountainous terrain. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the nearby Alagón River influences local humidity and can affect the dispersion of particulate matter. Béjar is not situated within a major industrial belt; its economy is primarily based on agriculture, tourism, and small-scale manufacturing. This limits large-scale industrial pollution sources, but localized wood-burning for heating, especially in older homes, remains a factor. The valley setting, combined with the elevation and surrounding topography, creates a microclimate susceptible to temperature inversions, a key factor in air quality fluctuations.

Béjar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its continental climate. Winters, spanning roughly November to March, are typically the most challenging. Cold temperatures frequently lead to increased wood-burning for heating, releasing particulate matter and volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. Furthermore, the prevalence of temperature inversions – where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground – significantly restricts vertical mixing, allowing pollutants to accumulate. Fog, common during these months, exacerbates the problem by further reducing dispersion. Spring (April-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer application, can contribute to ammonia emissions during this period. Summers (June-September) generally offer the best air quality, with warm temperatures and frequent winds effectively diluting and removing pollutants. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions. Autumn (October) sees a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity, potentially leading to localized fog and a return of some winter-like air quality challenges. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with visible haze or reduced visibility. During the warmer months, while generally cleaner, prolonged exposure during heatwaves should be avoided, particularly during peak sunlight hours.