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Betanzos, nestled in the heart of Galicia, Spain, occupies a geographically significant position within the Miño River Valley. Located approximately 10 km inland from the Atlantic coast, its coordinates (43.2792, -8.2106) place it within a gently sloping terrain, characterized by a mix of fluvial plains and low hills. The city’s urban fabric is distinctly traditional, with a historic core defined by granite buildings and narrow, winding streets, reflecting its medieval origins. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a patchwork of small-scale agriculture – primarily dairy farming and vegetable cultivation – interspersed with pockets of dense woodland, typical of the Galician countryside. This rural-urban gradient influences Betanzos’ air quality; while direct industrial emissions are minimal, agricultural practices and occasional burning of vegetation can contribute to localized pollution events. The Miño River, flowing nearby, plays a crucial role in the regional climate and can influence local wind patterns, impacting pollutant dispersion. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 70 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate temperature inversions during colder months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures and generally promoting ventilation, though coastal fog can occasionally reduce visibility and trap pollutants. The absence of major industrial belts within immediate proximity is a positive factor, but the region's agricultural activity and the broader Galician landscape shape the city's air quality profile.

Betanzos experiences a temperate oceanic climate, significantly impacting its air quality throughout the year. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing any lingering winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and occasional field burning, can lead to temporary spikes in ammonia and particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is typically the cleanest period, with consistent breezes from the Atlantic and high solar radiation aiding in pollutant breakdown. The maritime influence keeps humidity relatively high, which can sometimes trap fine particulate matter, though overall air quality remains favourable. Autumn (September-November) marks a shift, with decreasing sunlight and more frequent temperature inversions, particularly in October and November. These inversions trap pollutants, potentially leading to stagnant air and increased concentrations of fine particles. The harvest season also contributes to agricultural emissions. Winter (December-February) is the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent fog, create conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Reduced wind speeds and temperature inversions are common, leading to periods of poorer air quality. Sensitive groups, such as the elderly, children, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods, particularly on days with dense fog or calm conditions. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. While Betanzos generally enjoys relatively good air quality, awareness of seasonal variations and meteorological influences is crucial for protecting public health.