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El Plan, nestled in the southeastern region of Spain within the Murcia province, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Campo de Cartagena. Its coordinates (37.6405, -1.0085) place it within a relatively flat, alluvial plain, a consequence of the Mar Menor lagoon’s historical sediment deposition. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensive farming practices – particularly greenhouse cultivation – which are a defining feature of the region. This proximity to extensive agricultural zones, while economically vital, contributes to localized air quality challenges. The city sits approximately 6 kilometers inland from the Mar Menor, a hypersaline coastal lagoon, and about 10 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea. The elevation is low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. To the west, the Sierra Minera de Cartagena-La Unión provides a slight topographic barrier, but its influence on regional air flow is limited. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly blending into the urban fabric of El Plan and surrounding settlements. The Campo de Cartagena is also experiencing increasing urbanization, leading to a complex interplay between agricultural emissions, traffic-related pollution, and the potential for industrial activity further inland, all impacting the local air quality profile. The prevailing winds, generally from the east and southeast, transport pollutants from the coast and surrounding agricultural areas into the city.

El Plan’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by its Mediterranean climate and agricultural practices. Summer, spanning June to August, typically sees the highest temperatures and the lowest rainfall, leading to atmospheric stability and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, particularly those emitted from the numerous greenhouses utilizing heating systems and fertilizers. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur, further contributing to particulate matter. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) generally offer improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and rainfall, which help disperse pollutants. However, the agricultural cycle peaks during these seasons, with increased fertilizer application and potential for pesticide drift, impacting air quality. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and occasional fog, which can also lead to pollutant accumulation, especially in the mornings. The combination of low temperatures and stagnant air can create challenging conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor activity during summer mornings and winter fogs. During peak agricultural periods (spring and autumn), awareness of potential pesticide drift is crucial, and residents should be mindful of local agricultural practices. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activities during periods of high heat and humidity is also recommended to minimize respiratory stress. The region's reliance on greenhouse agriculture necessitates ongoing monitoring and mitigation strategies to protect public health.