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Alcoy, nestled in the mountainous province of Valencia, Spain, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at coordinates 38.6983, -0.4736, the city lies within the Comtat valley, a relatively enclosed basin formed by the Prebaetic System mountain range. This topography, at an elevation of approximately 465 meters, significantly impacts air circulation, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. The surrounding landscape is characterised by steep slopes covered in Mediterranean pine forests and agricultural terraces, primarily dedicated to almond and fruit cultivation. The Vinalopó River flows through the valley, but its influence on regional air dispersal is limited due to the valley’s orientation. Historically, Alcoy developed as a textile manufacturing centre, and while the industry has diversified, remnants of industrial activity contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is steep; moving just a few kilometres outside the city limits brings a rapid shift to sparsely populated, forested areas. This proximity to natural areas is a benefit, but the valley’s shape means pollutants generated within Alcoy can accumulate, particularly during winter inversions, impacting the health of its 60,372 residents. The city’s position inland, away from direct coastal breezes, further exacerbates this effect.

Alcoy’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter (December-February) typically sees the poorest air quality, driven by temperature inversions trapping pollutants from heating systems and reduced atmospheric mixing. Calm, clear nights followed by foggy mornings are common, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March-May) brings improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall increases, washing away accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural burning of almond tree prunings in March and April can cause temporary spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with strong winds dispersing pollutants and high temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual deterioration as heating demand increases and atmospheric stability returns. October and November are often marked by increased humidity and fog, potentially trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter mornings and periods of agricultural burning. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the northwest can carry pollutants from industrial areas further into the city. Avoiding peak hours near busy roads is also advisable.