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Onda, nestled in the Camp de Morvedre comarca of Valencia, Spain, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Mediterranean landscape. Located approximately 30 kilometers southwest of Valencia city, its coordinates (39.9625, -0.2639) place it on a gently sloping plain, part of the larger Valencian Plain. The terrain is predominantly flat, facilitating urban sprawl and agricultural activity, but is bordered to the north by the Serra de Espadán mountain range, a crucial factor influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. This proximity to the mountains can, at times, trap pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of irrigated farmland – primarily citrus groves and almond orchards – interspersed with smaller villages and towns. This agricultural intensity contributes to localized emissions, particularly from agricultural machinery and fertilizer use. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly blending into the town's periphery. While Onda lacks direct access to a major body of water, it benefits from the proximity of the Mediterranean Sea, approximately 40 kilometers to the east, which influences humidity and coastal breezes. Historically, the Camp de Morvedre has been an agricultural heartland, and while industrial activity is less pronounced than in Valencia city, there are some light industrial zones within and around Onda, contributing to localized air pollution sources. The elevation of Onda, around 150 meters above sea level, further impacts air dispersion, with slightly cooler temperatures potentially influencing pollutant behaviour.

Onda’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by Mediterranean climate patterns. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, characterized by prolonged periods of sunshine and minimal rainfall. This leads to stagnant air conditions, particularly during heatwaves, which exacerbate the build-up of pollutants from local sources like traffic and agricultural activities. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and further concentrating pollutants. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) generally offer improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and more frequent rainfall, which naturally cleanse the atmosphere. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can significantly degrade air quality during these transitional periods, especially in late autumn. Winters (December-February) are cooler and wetter, with occasional fog, which can also trap pollutants and reduce visibility. While rainfall helps to clear the air, the reduced sunlight and cooler temperatures can slow down the breakdown of certain pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months and be mindful of potential agricultural burning events in spring and autumn. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the spring and autumn, but it’s advisable to monitor local conditions and avoid strenuous exercise on days with visible haze or reduced air quality. The prevailing winds from the east, influenced by the Mediterranean Sea, typically provide some degree of ventilation, but their effectiveness is reduced during periods of atmospheric stability.