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Puzol, nestled in the Valencian Community of Spain, occupies a strategically important location just north of Valencia city, approximately 15 kilometers from the regional capital. Its coordinates (39.6167, -0.3011) place it within a gently sloping coastal plain, characterized by alluvial soils deposited by the Júcar River, which flows nearby. The terrain is relatively flat, transitioning gradually to the foothills of the Serra de Espadán mountain range to the west, providing a degree of shielding from prevailing westerly winds. This proximity to the Mediterranean Sea significantly influences local climate and, consequently, air quality. The urban fabric of Puzol is a blend of residential areas and industrial zones, reflecting its historical role as a major cement production hub – the 'Puzolán' cement, named after the town, is renowned globally. This industrial activity, while economically vital, contributes to localized pollution sources. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily citrus groves and vegetable farms, interspersed with urban development. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural fields quickly giving way to built-up areas. The coastal location means Puzol experiences a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wetter winters. The sea breeze, while generally beneficial in dispersing pollutants, can also trap them under certain meteorological conditions, particularly during temperature inversions. The town’s position within the wider metropolitan area of Valencia means it is also affected by regional pollution patterns originating from the larger city.

Puzol’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Mediterranean climate and industrial activity. Summer months (July and August) typically see the highest temperatures and lowest rainfall, leading to stagnant air conditions and a propensity for temperature inversions, especially during clear nights. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the impact of cement production and vehicular emissions. While sea breezes offer some relief, their effectiveness is reduced during periods of intense heat. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October) generally offer the most favourable air quality, with moderate temperatures and more frequent wind patterns that help disperse pollutants. However, agricultural burning practices in surrounding rural areas during these periods can occasionally contribute to particulate matter spikes. Winter (November-March) brings increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere, but also introduces the risk of fog, particularly in low-lying areas. Fog can trap pollutants, leading to localized episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during summer evenings and foggy winter mornings. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the spring and autumn months, avoiding peak traffic hours and industrial activity periods. The combination of seasonal temperature variations, wind patterns, and local industrial emissions creates a complex interplay that shapes Puzol’s air quality throughout the year.