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Rojales, nestled in the Alicante province of Valencia, Spain, occupies a strategically significant position within the Vega Baja del Segura region. Its coordinates (38.0833, -0.7167) place it inland, approximately 6 kilometers from the Mediterranean coast, a factor profoundly influencing its microclimate and, consequently, its air quality. The town sits on a gently sloping alluvial plain, a legacy of the Segura River’s historical course, resulting in relatively flat terrain. This flatness, while beneficial for agriculture, can exacerbate air pollution episodes as it limits vertical mixing of pollutants. Rojales is surrounded by a patchwork of agricultural land, primarily citrus groves and vegetable farms, which contribute to seasonal emissions from machinery and fertilizer use. To the west, the foothills of the Sierra de Crevillente rise gradually, providing a partial barrier against easterly winds but also creating potential for temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth; Rojales blends seamlessly into the surrounding agricultural landscape, with smaller villages and rural estates dotting the area. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures and increasing humidity, but also bringing occasional episodes of salt spray and coastal breezes carrying pollutants from industrial areas further south along the coast. The region’s overall topography, combined with its agricultural intensity and coastal proximity, creates a complex interplay of factors impacting Rojales’ air quality profile.

Rojales experiences a Mediterranean climate, dictating a distinct seasonal pattern in its air quality. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, with stagnant air conditions often leading to pollutant accumulation. The lack of significant rainfall and prevailing light winds contribute to this, trapping emissions from agricultural activities and occasional localized industrial sources. While coastal breezes can offer some relief, they are often insufficient to fully disperse pollutants. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) generally offer the most favourable air quality, with moderate temperatures and more frequent wind patterns aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, autumn can see occasional episodes of Saharan dust intrusion, impacting visibility and respiratory health. Winters (December-February) present a different challenge. Cooler temperatures and calmer winds frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air and pollutants near the ground. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates this issue, reducing visibility and concentrating pollutants. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of fog or temperature inversions, particularly in the mornings. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur during the autumn months, contributing to localized pollution spikes. The interplay of these meteorological factors creates a dynamic air quality landscape throughout the year, demanding vigilance and proactive health measures.