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Zalingei, nestled in the heart of Central Darfur, Sudan, occupies a geographically complex and challenging position. Situated at approximately 12.9092° N, 23.4706° E, the city’s location within the Sahel region dictates a semi-arid climate and a landscape dominated by undulating plains and scattered hills. The surrounding terrain is primarily savanna, transitioning to sparse woodland further afield, punctuated by the occasional wadi – dry riverbeds that occasionally flood during the rainy season. Elevation plays a subtle but significant role; Zalingei sits at an altitude of roughly 1,300 meters (4,265 feet) above sea level, influencing temperature patterns and potentially affecting atmospheric stability. The city’s proximity to the Jebel Marra massif to the west creates a rain shadow effect, contributing to the region’s aridity. While Zalingei lacks immediate access to major rivers, groundwater resources are vital for the local population and agriculture. The urban–rural gradient around Zalingei is sharp; the city acts as a commercial and administrative hub for a predominantly rural, agro-pastoral population. Agricultural activities, including sorghum and millet cultivation, and livestock rearing are prevalent in the surrounding areas. Limited industrial activity exists within Zalingei itself, primarily focused on small-scale processing of agricultural products. However, the potential for dust storms originating from the surrounding savanna and the impact of regional agricultural practices significantly influence the city’s air quality, particularly during dry periods. The city’s growth, often unplanned, contributes to localized pollution sources.

Zalingei’s air quality is inextricably linked to its distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Characterized by minimal rainfall and persistent winds, this period is prone to intense dust storms originating from the surrounding savanna and the vast expanse of the Sahara Desert to the north. These storms, often carrying fine particulate matter, dramatically reduce visibility and pose a serious respiratory hazard. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The months of February and March are particularly notorious for severe dust events. Conversely, the wet season (June to October), marked by sporadic but often heavy rainfall, generally leads to improved air quality as precipitation washes away accumulated pollutants and wind patterns shift. However, the onset of the monsoon can bring localized flooding and the release of mould spores, potentially triggering allergic reactions. During the transition periods between seasons, fluctuating wind patterns and temperature changes can lead to unpredictable air quality variations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak dust storm periods and wearing appropriate respiratory protection. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air filtration is also crucial. The rainy season, while generally cleaner, requires vigilance regarding potential mould exposure.