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Al Manāqil, situated in the Gezira State of Sudan at coordinates 14.2504, 32.9800, occupies a crucial position within the fertile Gezira Scheme, one of the world’s largest irrigation projects. The city’s landscape is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Gezira plain, an expansive area between the White Nile and Blue Nile rivers. While not directly on a major waterway, Al Manāqil benefits from the irrigation canals stemming from the Nile, supporting intensive agricultural activity. The surrounding terrain is largely savannah grassland, transitioning to desert further afield. The urban character of Al Manāqil is defined by its role as a regional agricultural hub and market town, with a relatively dispersed settlement pattern reflecting its dependence on the surrounding farmland. This agricultural intensity, while economically vital, contributes significantly to localised air quality concerns. Dust from agricultural practices, particularly during harvesting and land preparation, is a major factor. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a rapid transition from densely populated areas to cultivated fields. The prevailing winds, often blowing from the north and east, can transport dust and pollutants across the city, exacerbating air quality issues. The elevation is relatively low, around 400m, which can contribute to temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground.

Al Manāqil experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to May, is characterised by consistently high temperatures and minimal rainfall. This period sees a peak in dust concentrations, originating from agricultural activities and the surrounding savannah. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara Desert, further contribute to particulate matter levels. February and March are typically the dustiest months, posing risks to respiratory health. The onset of the wet season in June brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of mould and allergens. July and August, the peak of the rainy season, offer the best air quality, though flooding can disrupt daily life. As the wet season wanes in September and October, agricultural burning increases in preparation for the next planting cycle, leading to spikes in smoke and particulate pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and periods of agricultural burning. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants are often transported from surrounding agricultural zones.