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An Nuhūd, situated in West Kordofan, Sudan, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and the savanna belt. Located at coordinates 12.6904, 28.4200, the city rests on relatively flat terrain, typical of the Kordofan plateau, at an elevation of approximately 750 meters. This plateau landscape, while not mountainous, influences local wind patterns and can contribute to temperature inversions. The White Nile is a considerable distance to the east, not directly impacting local humidity but influencing regional weather systems. An Nuhūd functions as a crucial market and transport hub, connecting agricultural regions to the north and south with more arid lands to the west. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savanna woodland and agricultural land, primarily rain-fed farming of sorghum and millet. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre exhibiting denser construction and higher population density, while the periphery quickly transitions into agricultural fields and open savanna. Dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads contributes significantly to particulate matter in the air. The city’s growth, driven by its commercial role, is leading to increased vehicle traffic and localised emissions, impacting air quality, particularly during the dry season. The lack of substantial industrial belts within the immediate city limits means that agricultural and transport-related emissions are the dominant pollution sources.

An Nuhūd experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, spanning roughly November to May, is characterised by consistently high temperatures and minimal rainfall. This period sees a significant increase in airborne dust and particulate matter, exacerbated by agricultural activities like land preparation and harvesting. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara, further contribute to dust storms, peaking in December and January. These months are generally the least favourable for outdoor activity, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions. The onset of the wet season in June brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can also lead to the formation of mould spores, potentially triggering allergies. July and August, the peak of the rainy season, offer the cleanest air, though flooding can disrupt transport and contribute to localised waterborne disease risks. September and October see a transitional period with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return of dust. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights throughout the year, can trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor their health closely.