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Tall Abyaḑ, nestled within the Ar Raqqah Governorate of Syria, occupies a geographically significant position in the northeastern Syrian steppe. Located at approximately 36.6965° latitude and 38.9538° longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the surrounding semi-arid landscape. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to potential air stagnation under certain meteorological conditions. Tall Abyaḑ sits near the Euphrates River, a vital water source for the region, though its direct influence on local air quality is limited due to the scale of the city and prevailing wind patterns. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields, primarily cultivating wheat and barley, interspersed with grazing lands for livestock. This agricultural activity, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons, can contribute to particulate matter pollution through dust and the use of machinery. Further afield, the landscape transitions into the broader Syrian Desert, a vast expanse of arid plains. The urban–rural gradient around Tall Abyaḑ is gradual, with small villages and agricultural settlements blending into the steppe. The city’s location within a relatively isolated region means that pollutants are not easily dispersed, and regional weather systems play a crucial role in determining air quality. While there are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Tall Abyaḑ, the proximity to larger urban centers and potential for localized industrial activity within the governorate can influence air quality through transported pollutants. The flat topography and limited natural barriers exacerbate the potential for dust storms and the accumulation of pollutants.

Tall Abyaḑ experiences a semi-arid climate, resulting in distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) often brings increased dust levels due to strong winds and disturbed soil from agricultural activities, alongside the initial use of machinery. Summer (June-August) is typically characterized by high temperatures and reduced rainfall, which can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of intense heat. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are more frequent during summer nights, exacerbating the build-up of pollutants. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual decrease in temperatures and wind speeds, but agricultural burning practices after harvest can contribute to localized smoke pollution. Winter (December-February) is generally the most favorable season for air quality, with cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall helping to disperse pollutants. However, cold, calm winter days can also lead to localized pollution build-up. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during spring and summer months, limiting outdoor activity during peak dust and heat periods. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of dust exposure during planting and harvesting. The lack of consistent rainfall throughout the year means that atmospheric cleansing is often limited, making air quality highly susceptible to seasonal weather patterns and human activities. Fog, though infrequent, can trap pollutants close to the ground, creating periods of poor air quality.