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Jarābulus, situated in the Ḩalab Governorate of Syria at coordinates 36.8175, 38.0111, occupies a strategically vital position on the Euphrates River. The city’s terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the northern Syrian plains, with an elevation of approximately 160 meters above sea level. This low-lying geography, coupled with the river’s course, influences local air circulation patterns. Historically, Jarābulus functioned as a key trading post, benefiting from its location on ancient trade routes. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive wheat and cotton fields dominating the region. To the north and east, the land transitions into semi-arid steppe. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city itself being a concentrated area of activity amidst a largely rural backdrop. The Euphrates provides a potential source of moisture, but also contributes to humidity which can trap pollutants. The ongoing conflict in Syria has significantly disrupted industrial activity in the wider region, but localised sources, including vehicle emissions and dust from agricultural practices, contribute to air quality concerns. The proximity to the Turkish border also introduces transboundary pollution potential. The city’s position within a river valley can exacerbate pollution episodes due to limited atmospheric dispersion.

Jarābulus experiences a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Air quality generally deteriorates during the summer months (June-August) due to increased temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Dust storms, originating from the surrounding arid regions, are also frequent during this period, significantly impacting particulate matter levels. The winter months (December-February) bring some relief with increased precipitation washing away pollutants, but heating demands lead to increased combustion from wood and other fuels, contributing to localised smoke pollution. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) offer the most favourable air quality, with moderate temperatures and wind patterns aiding dispersion. However, agricultural burning following the harvest in autumn can cause temporary spikes in pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during summer dust storms and periods of calm winter weather. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west and southwest often carry pollutants from more heavily impacted areas. Fog, common in winter mornings, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations.