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Tall Rif‘at, situated in the Ḩalab Governorate of Syria (coordinates 36.4723, 37.0947), occupies a strategically important, yet challenging, geographic position. The city lies approximately 30 kilometers northwest of Aleppo, nestled within the undulating plains of northwestern Syria. The terrain is predominantly flat to gently rolling, transitioning into the more rugged landscape of the surrounding hills. Elevation is around 300 meters above sea level, influencing local wind patterns and contributing to potential temperature inversions. Historically, the area has been a vital agricultural zone, supporting wheat, barley, and olive cultivation. However, years of conflict have significantly disrupted agricultural practices. The proximity to Aleppo, a major industrial centre before the war, means Tall Rif‘at is susceptible to pollutants transported by prevailing winds. The city’s location within a region experiencing significant population displacement and ongoing military activity introduces unique challenges to air quality monitoring and management. The urban-rural gradient is blurred by the influx of internally displaced persons (IDPs), increasing population density and straining local resources. Dust storms, originating from the Syrian Desert to the southeast, are a recurring feature, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. The lack of consistent infrastructure maintenance further contributes to localised pollution sources.

Air quality in Tall Rif‘at experiences pronounced seasonal variations, heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and ongoing conflict-related activities. During the winter months (December-February), temperatures drop, often leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Rainfall is relatively higher during this period, which can temporarily improve air quality by washing away particulate matter, but also creates muddy conditions that contribute to dust resuspension when drier periods return. Spring (March-May) sees increasing temperatures and wind activity, potentially dispersing pollutants, but also bringing dust from surrounding agricultural lands. Summer (June-August) is characterised by hot, dry conditions and frequent dust storms originating from the Syrian Desert, significantly degrading air quality. This is often the period of highest pollution. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite, with cooler temperatures and moderate rainfall. However, increased burning of agricultural waste after harvest can contribute to localised smoke pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during summer and periods of high dust. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants from Aleppo can be carried towards Tall Rif‘at. The ongoing conflict introduces unpredictable pollution events, such as fires and explosions, impacting air quality throughout the year.