Şūrān, nestled within the Ḩamāh Governorate of Syria, occupies a geographically significant position in the Orontes River valley. Located at coordinates 35.2919°N, 36.7485°E, the city’s terrain is characterised by undulating hills and fertile plains, typical of the region’s Mediterranean climate. Şūrān’s elevation, approximately 500 meters above sea level, influences local weather patterns and contributes to the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. The Orontes River, a vital waterway, flows nearby, providing irrigation for surrounding agricultural lands. These lands, predominantly cultivated with cereals, fruits, and olives, contribute to seasonal particulate matter from agricultural activities like harvesting and burning of crop residue. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Şūrān serving as a regional market town for the surrounding agricultural communities. While not a major industrial hub, smaller-scale workshops and local industries contribute to emissions. The city’s location within a valley can limit air circulation, exacerbating pollution episodes, particularly during periods of calm weather. The surrounding landscape, largely agricultural, means long-range transport of pollutants from wider regional sources is also a factor. Understanding this interplay of geography and land use is crucial for assessing Şūrān’s air quality challenges.

Şūrān experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) sees increasing agricultural activity, leading to a rise in particulate matter from field preparation and burning. Winds are variable, sometimes offering dispersion, but temperature inversions can trap pollutants in the valley. Summer (June-August) is typically hot and dry, with stable atmospheric conditions and reduced rainfall, concentrating pollutants. Dust storms, originating from the Syrian Desert, are more frequent during these months, significantly degrading air quality. Autumn (September-November) brings a temporary improvement as rainfall increases and agricultural activity slows. However, the burning of agricultural waste continues, contributing to localised pollution. Winter (December-February) is cool and wet, with the highest rainfall. While rainfall helps to cleanse the air, temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants from domestic heating – primarily wood and kerosene – and vehicle emissions. Sensitive individuals, including those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during summer dust storms and winter inversions. Months of March-April and October-November generally offer the most favourable conditions, though monitoring local conditions remains essential. The Orontes River’s flow also influences humidity, impacting pollutant dispersion.