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Sarmadā, nestled within the Idlib Governorate of Syria, occupies a strategically significant location in the northwestern part of the country, close to the Turkish border. Geographically, the city sits within a gently undulating plain, part of the broader Orontes River basin, characterized by fertile agricultural lands. Its coordinates (36.1855, 36.7223) place it at an elevation of approximately 480 meters above sea level. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a patchwork of olive groves, wheat fields, and vineyards, reflecting the region’s strong agricultural heritage. This proximity to intensive farming practices, particularly the use of fertilizers and pesticides, contributes to localized air quality concerns. To the west lies the expansive Syrian Steppe, a drier, more sparsely populated area. The Orontes River, though not directly adjacent to Sarmadā, influences the regional climate and provides a vital water source for agriculture, indirectly impacting air quality through irrigation practices and potential dust mobilization from dried riverbeds. Sarmadā’s urban character is that of a relatively small market town, with a predominantly residential and agricultural focus. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding the city, although smaller workshops and agricultural processing facilities are present. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly blending into the town’s periphery. The topography, with its gentle slopes, can sometimes exacerbate air pollution episodes by trapping pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The region's history of conflict has also impacted the landscape, with damaged infrastructure and displaced populations influencing land use and potentially contributing to localized pollution sources.

Sarmadā’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its Mediterranean climate and regional weather patterns. Spring (March-May) typically brings a slight improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural activities intensify during this period, leading to increased emissions from machinery and fertilizer application, potentially causing localized spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by hot, dry conditions and frequent periods of stagnant air, particularly during heatwaves. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to poorer air quality. Dust storms originating from the Syrian Steppe to the west are also more frequent, significantly impacting visibility and increasing particulate concentrations. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual shift towards cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing, can contribute to elevated levels of smoke and pollutants. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period for air quality. Cold temperatures and frequent fog events lead to prolonged periods of stagnant air, trapping pollutants and reducing dispersion. The use of solid fuels for heating in homes also contributes to indoor and outdoor air pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and periods of stagnant air, limiting outdoor activity and ensuring adequate ventilation. Spring and summer require awareness of agricultural emissions and dust events, respectively. Overall, avoiding prolonged outdoor exposure during periods of low wind and high temperatures is advisable.