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Lugang, situated in the coastal plain of Changhua County, Taiwan, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located at 24.0500°N, 120.4333°E, the city sits relatively low-lying, averaging around 20 meters above sea level. This proximity to the Taiwan Strait facilitates maritime influences, but also exposes it to potential pollutant transport from coastal industrial activity. Lugang historically thrived as a port town, connected to inland areas via river networks, but is now more defined by its agricultural hinterland – primarily rice paddies and fruit orchards – and a growing, though less concentrated than other Taiwanese cities, industrial presence. The surrounding landscape is predominantly flat, transitioning to gently rolling hills further inland. The urban-rural gradient is noticeable, with air quality generally improving as one moves away from the town centre and associated traffic. However, seasonal agricultural practices, including crop burning, can contribute to localised pollution spikes. The city’s position within the prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by the East Asian Monsoon, dictates the dispersion of pollutants, making understanding these patterns crucial for air quality management. The flat terrain limits natural ventilation, potentially exacerbating pollution episodes during calm weather conditions.

Lugang’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by Taiwan’s subtropical monsoon climate. Spring (March-May) often sees increasing pollution due to the weakening of winter monsoon winds, allowing for greater accumulation of locally generated emissions and transboundary pollutants. April and May can be particularly challenging with increased dust from agricultural activities. Summer (June-August) brings the southwest monsoon, providing periods of cleaner air through enhanced dispersion, though high humidity can contribute to secondary pollutant formation. Autumn (September-November) is often the most favourable period for air quality, with stable, clear skies and moderate winds. However, this is also harvest season, and agricultural burning can lead to localised spikes in particulate matter. Winter (December-February) experiences the strongest northeast monsoon winds, which can initially scour the atmosphere, but also bring cold air masses leading to temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, resulting in poorer air quality, particularly in December and January. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak traffic hours are also recommended.