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Ban Duea, nestled within Chaiyaphum Province in central Thailand, occupies a relatively flat landscape at an elevation of approximately 160 meters above sea level. The city’s geography is dominated by the Khorat Plateau, a vast expanse of sandstone that gently slopes towards the Mekong River basin to the east. This plateau is characterised by rolling hills and fertile plains, primarily dedicated to agricultural pursuits, particularly rice farming and cassava cultivation. Ban Duea itself is a small urban centre, exhibiting a strong urban-rural gradient as it transitions quickly into surrounding agricultural lands. The absence of significant natural barriers like mountains means that air masses can move freely across the region, potentially carrying pollutants from both local sources and wider areas. While no major industrial belts are directly within Ban Duea, the broader Chaiyaphum province experiences some industrial activity related to food processing and agricultural inputs. The Pasak River flows nearby, but its influence on local air circulation is limited. The surrounding landscape, largely open farmland, contributes to dust during drier periods, impacting baseline particulate matter levels. The city’s position within this agricultural heartland fundamentally shapes its air quality profile.

Ban Duea experiences a distinct tropical monsoon climate, leading to pronounced wet and dry seasons that heavily influence air quality. The dry season, typically from November to April, sees significantly reduced rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads. This period often witnesses the poorest air quality, exacerbated by temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. February and March are generally the most challenging months for respiratory health. The onset of the wet season in May brings relief, as rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter and suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. The peak of the wet season, from August to October, usually offers the cleanest air. During this time, prevailing winds associated with the monsoon system help disperse pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and considering the use of masks. Monitoring weather patterns and avoiding peak pollution times is crucial for maintaining health.