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Ban Samo Khae, nestled within the Phitsanulok Province of Thailand, occupies a geographically significant position within the Chao Phraya River basin. Located at approximately 16.8408° N, 100.3415° E, the town’s terrain is gently undulating, transitioning from the fertile plains bordering the river to slightly higher ground further inland. This elevation, though modest, influences local air circulation patterns. The proximity to the Chao Phraya River itself plays a dual role; it provides a natural cooling effect, mitigating extreme heat, but also introduces potential for humidity-related particulate matter deposition. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by rice paddies and fruit orchards, a typical feature of the Central Thai plains. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal air pollution through the burning of crop residues, particularly during the dry season. Ban Samo Khae exhibits a clear urban–rural gradient, with the town itself representing a small, localized urban center surrounded by a predominantly rural agricultural zone. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Ban Samo Khae, however, Phitsanulok city, a larger urban hub, lies within a reasonable distance, and its industrial activities can occasionally influence air quality. The town’s location within a relatively flat plain limits vertical mixing of pollutants, potentially leading to localized concentrations, especially during periods of stagnant air. The regional climate, dominated by a monsoon pattern, further shapes the atmospheric conditions impacting air quality.

The air quality narrative in Ban Samo Khae is inextricably linked to Thailand’s distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically spanning November to April, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to a build-up of particulate matter, exacerbated by agricultural burning practices prevalent across the region. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying localized air pollution. March and April often experience the highest levels of concern due to a combination of agricultural fires and rising temperatures. The monsoon season, from May to October, brings relief through increased rainfall, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, the monsoon also introduces its own set of challenges. Heavy rainfall can lead to flooding, which can stir up dust and mold spores, impacting indoor air quality. Fog, frequently occurring during the early morning hours in the wet season, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. During the transitional months (May and October), wind patterns are often variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor exertion and utilizing air purifiers indoors are advisable. The wet season generally offers improved air quality, but vigilance regarding indoor pollutants remains important.