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Ban Chang, nestled in Rayong Province, Thailand, occupies a geographically significant position on the eastern seaboard of the Gulf of Thailand. The city’s coordinates (12.7208, 101.0669) place it within a relatively flat coastal plain, with elevations rarely exceeding 20 meters above sea level. This low-lying terrain contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Ban Chang’s urban character is evolving, transitioning from a primarily agricultural and fishing community to a more diversified economy driven by tourism and proximity to the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, a major petrochemical and manufacturing hub. The surrounding landscape is a mix of coastal mangrove forests, agricultural lands – primarily rubber and fruit plantations – and increasingly, industrial development. The Gulf of Thailand exerts a strong influence on local weather patterns, providing some degree of sea breeze circulation, but also contributing to humidity. The urban-rural gradient is noticeable, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to the industrial zones and the city centre. The proximity to major transport routes, including highways connecting to Bangkok and Laem Chabang port, further impacts local air quality through vehicle emissions. This combination of factors creates a unique set of challenges for maintaining clean air in Ban Chang.

Ban Chang experiences a tropical monsoon climate, dictating a distinct wet and dry season pattern that heavily influences air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to April, typically sees the poorest air quality. Lower humidity and stable atmospheric conditions during this period promote the build-up of pollutants from industrial sources and vehicle emissions, with limited rainfall to wash them away. January and February are often the most challenging months. The onset of the southwest monsoon in May brings much-needed relief, with frequent rainfall effectively cleansing the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also contribute to the formation of haze. The wet season, lasting from May to October, generally offers the best air quality, although localised flooding can sometimes disrupt traffic and increase emissions from backup generators. November sees a transition period with fluctuating conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and considering the use of air purifiers. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants can be transported from the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate depending on prevailing winds. Avoiding peak traffic hours can also minimise exposure.