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Ban Phru, nestled within the Songkhla Province of southern Thailand, occupies a geographically significant position at the edge of the Gulf of Thailand. Its coordinates (6.9514, 100.4723) place it within a relatively low-lying coastal plain, characterized by gently undulating terrain. The city’s proximity to the sea exerts a considerable influence on its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of rubber plantations, oil palm groves, and rice paddies, typical of the region’s agricultural economy. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to localized emissions, particularly during harvesting and processing seasons. Ban Phru’s urban character is that of a small, developing town, transitioning from a predominantly rural setting. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly giving way to residential and commercial areas. The city’s elevation is minimal, generally below 10 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, especially during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Ban Phru benefits from its position along transportation routes connecting larger industrial centers further inland, potentially leading to increased vehicular traffic and associated emissions. The coastal location also means the city is susceptible to sea breezes, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on prevailing wind patterns and atmospheric stability. The surrounding watershed influences drainage patterns and can impact air quality through the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wetlands.

Ban Phru experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from February to April, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to reduced rainfall, which limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, and increased agricultural burning practices as farmers prepare land for planting. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants close to the ground, further worsening air quality. The monsoon season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and stronger winds, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed away and dispersed. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. November to January represents a transitional period, with fluctuating weather patterns. Fog, particularly in the early mornings, can trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the monsoon months, particularly June to September, when rainfall is frequent and wind speeds are higher. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, and young children should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and monitoring for any adverse health effects. The agricultural cycle dictates much of the pollution pattern, with peak emissions coinciding with land preparation activities. Public health advisories are often issued during periods of elevated particulate matter, urging residents to minimize strenuous outdoor activities and wear masks.