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Tha Chang, nestled in the Surat Thani province of southern Thailand, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Kra Isthmus. Located at approximately 9.2642° N, 99.1922° E, the town sits relatively close to the Gulf of Thailand, influencing local humidity and prevailing winds. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by a gently undulating terrain, transitioning from coastal plains to low-lying hills and eventually the more rugged terrain of the Khao Sok National Park to the west. This proximity to both water and forested areas creates a complex interplay of factors impacting air quality. Tha Chang’s urban character is that of a small, primarily agricultural town, serving as a regional hub for surrounding rural communities. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural lands – primarily rubber plantations and fruit orchards – extending almost seamlessly into the town’s periphery. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Surat Thani province does have some rubber processing facilities and agricultural industries that contribute to localized emissions. The elevation is relatively low, generally below 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. The coastal location also means Tha Chang is susceptible to sea breezes, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on the prevailing weather patterns. The surrounding forests, while generally beneficial for air quality, can also contribute to particulate matter during the dry season due to agricultural burning.

Tha Chang’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from February to May, presents the greatest air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to a build-up of particulate matter, often exacerbated by agricultural burning practices in the surrounding rural areas. Farmers clearing land for planting or managing rubber plantations frequently employ burning techniques, releasing significant amounts of smoke and pollutants into the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap these pollutants close to the ground, leading to poorer air quality. The monsoon season, from June to November, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the air and dispersing pollutants. Stronger winds associated with the monsoon also help to ventilate the area. Fog, particularly during the transitional months of October and November, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants, though the overall effect is less severe than the dry season burning. December and January represent a transitional period with cooler temperatures and less intense rainfall, offering generally improved air quality compared to the peak of the dry season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during periods of visible smoke or haze. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also advisable.