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Dapaong, the capital of Togo’s Savanes Region, occupies a strategically important location within a transitional zone between the Sahelian and Sudanian savanna ecosystems. Situated at approximately 10.87° N, 0.33° E, and an elevation of roughly 220 meters (720 feet) above sea level, the city’s geography is characterized by gently undulating plains dissected by seasonal waterways. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savanna, transitioning to denser woodland further south. This proximity to extensive agricultural lands, particularly those cultivating millet, sorghum, and maize, contributes to a rural-urban gradient where agricultural practices influence air quality. Dapaong’s position near the border with Burkina Faso means it experiences transboundary influences, including dust plumes originating from the Saharan Desert. The Kara River, though seasonal, provides a localized source of moisture and influences local microclimates. While Dapaong lacks significant heavy industry within its immediate vicinity, it serves as a regional market town, with vehicular traffic contributing to localized pollution. The urban fabric is relatively low-density, with a mix of traditional housing and more modern constructions. The prevailing winds generally flow from the northeast during the dry season, potentially carrying dust and pollutants from the north. The city’s location within a relatively flat expanse limits dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The gradual transition from arid to semi-arid conditions shapes the regional climate and, consequently, the patterns of air quality.

Dapaong’s air quality is intimately linked to its tropical savanna climate, exhibiting distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically spanning November to April, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During this period, reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to increased dust concentrations, often originating from the Saharan Desert and the Sahel region. These dust events, frequently occurring in February and March, can significantly impact visibility and respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating localized air quality issues. The harmattan winds, a dry and dusty trade wind, frequently blow across the region, further intensifying dust pollution. The wet season, from May to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increases atmospheric moisture, naturally cleansing the air. However, agricultural activities during this period, including burning of crop residues, can temporarily elevate levels of smoke and other pollutants. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the transition periods, trapping pollutants and reducing air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during dust events. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding agricultural burning is advised. The intensity of the dry season’s impact is variable, influenced by the strength and frequency of Saharan dust storms.