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Medjez el Bab, nestled in the Béja Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a strategically important location within the country’s northwest, close to the border with Algeria. Its coordinates (36.6436, 9.6042) place it within a gently undulating terrain, part of the fertile Sahel region, a coastal plain transitioning from the Tell Atlas mountains to the Mediterranean Sea. The city’s elevation, averaging around 200 meters above sea level, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by olive groves, cereal fields, and vineyards, typical of Tunisia’s fertile plains. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter from tilling and harvesting. To the north, the Mediterranean Sea exerts a moderating influence on temperatures and humidity, though coastal breezes can also transport pollutants inland. Medjez el Bab’s position isn't directly within a major industrial belt, but it serves as a transit point for goods moving between the coast and inland regions, potentially leading to increased vehicular traffic and associated emissions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural areas blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. The Tell Atlas mountains to the south create a barrier that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, impacting local air quality. The city’s layout, a mix of traditional and modern construction, also influences ventilation and pollutant dispersion, with narrower streets potentially exacerbating localized pollution hotspots.

Medjez el Bab experiences a Mediterranean climate, resulting in distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved conditions as northerly winds become more frequent, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities intensify during this period, releasing dust and particulate matter from plowing and planting. Summer (June-August) is typically characterized by hot, dry conditions and stagnant air, particularly during heatwaves. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air below, are common, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near ground level. This is a period when sensitive individuals, such as the elderly and those with respiratory conditions, should limit strenuous outdoor activity. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual shift in weather patterns, with increased rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing, can contribute to localized smoke pollution. Winter (December-February) often sees the lowest temperatures and calmest conditions, leading to potential for pollutant accumulation, especially during periods of fog. The lack of wind and frequent temperature inversions can trap emissions from vehicles and residential heating. While rainfall is infrequent, when it occurs, it helps to reduce particulate matter. Overall, the months of July and August pose the greatest air quality challenges, while spring and autumn offer more favourable conditions, though agricultural practices require vigilance. Individuals with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular issues should consult their physicians regarding appropriate precautions during periods of elevated pollution.