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Ar Rudayyif, nestled within the Gafsa Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s southern region. Located at approximately 34.38°N, 8.15°E, the city’s terrain is dominated by the Sahara Desert’s edge, characterized by undulating sand dunes, rocky plateaus, and sparse vegetation. The surrounding landscape is primarily arid, transitioning into the more expansive Sahara further south. Elevation ranges from roughly 300 to 450 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally dry climate and limited humidity. Ar Rudayyif’s proximity to the phosphate mining region of Gafsa is a defining feature, with significant industrial activity concentrated nearby. This mining operation, a cornerstone of the regional economy, directly influences the local environment. The urban–rural gradient shifts rapidly; the city itself is relatively small, with a population of around 27,000, quickly giving way to sparsely populated desert settlements and nomadic pastoral areas. The absence of major bodies of water within immediate proximity—no significant rivers or lakes—further exacerbates the arid conditions. Prevailing winds, often originating from the Sahara, can carry dust and sand, impacting air quality. The city’s location within a basin-like depression can also contribute to the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding agricultural zones, though limited due to water scarcity, utilize irrigation, potentially introducing localized sources of dust and agricultural chemicals into the air.

Ar Rudayyif’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its arid climate and regional weather patterns. The summer months (June-August) are typically characterized by intense heat and minimal rainfall, leading to stagnant air conditions and a propensity for dust storms. High temperatures suppress atmospheric mixing, fostering temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. These conditions often result in elevated particulate matter concentrations, particularly during periods of strong southerly winds carrying Saharan dust. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) offer slightly more favourable conditions, with moderate temperatures and occasional breezes that help disperse pollutants. However, spring can still be affected by dust events. Winter (December-February) generally brings cooler temperatures and a higher frequency of wind, which can improve air quality by ventilating the area. However, cold, calm nights can also lead to localized fog formation, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months, limiting outdoor activity during peak heat and dust storm events. During the spring and autumn, monitoring local weather reports for dust advisories is recommended. The mining operations contribute consistently to air pollution, regardless of the season, and their impact is amplified during periods of atmospheric stability. Maintaining indoor air quality through filtration and ventilation is crucial throughout the year, particularly during periods of elevated dust levels.