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Chebba, a coastal town in the Mahdia Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position along the Mediterranean Sea at coordinates 35.2372° N, 11.1150° E. The town is characterised by a relatively flat terrain, typical of the eastern Tunisian coastline, with a gentle slope rising inland. This proximity to the sea exerts a strong influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. Chebba benefits from sea breezes that can help disperse pollutants, but also experiences higher humidity levels. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land, primarily olive groves and fruit orchards, and increasingly, tourism-related development. While not heavily industrialised, the region supports smaller-scale manufacturing and processing activities related to agriculture and fishing. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas dominating the immediate hinterland. The town’s location within a basin-like coastal feature can occasionally trap pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather. Dust from the Sahara Desert, carried by prevailing winds, is a recurring factor impacting air quality, especially during the spring months. The town’s position along a major transport route also contributes to localised emissions. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Chebba.

Chebba’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a surge in particulate matter due to the Sirocco winds carrying Saharan dust, impacting visibility and respiratory health. These dust storms can persist for several days, creating challenging conditions. Summer (June-August) generally experiences better air quality, benefiting from consistent sea breezes that dilute pollutants and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, increased tourism and associated vehicle traffic can lead to localised increases in nitrogen dioxide. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and calmer winds potentially leading to pollutant accumulation, particularly in the mornings. Winter (December-February) is typically the wettest season, which can help scrub the air of pollutants, but also brings increased humidity and the potential for fog, trapping emissions near the ground. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air below, are more frequent during winter nights, exacerbating pollution. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during spring dust events and winter inversion periods. Monitoring wind direction and local weather forecasts is advisable for planning outdoor activities.