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Khunays, nestled within the Monastir Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position on the nation’s eastern coast. Located at approximately 35.7122° N, 10.8167° E, the town’s setting is characterized by a gently undulating terrain transitioning from the coastal plain towards the foothills of the Saharan Atlas mountains. This proximity to both the Mediterranean Sea and the rising terrain creates a complex interplay of factors influencing its air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields, primarily dedicated to olive groves and cereal cultivation, interspersed with small rural settlements. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with agricultural activity extending quite close to the town’s limits. Monastir, a larger urban center, lies a short distance to the north, and its industrial activities, though not directly adjacent to Khunays, can contribute to regional pollution patterns. The elevation of Khunays itself is relatively low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The Mediterranean Sea provides a moderating influence on temperature, but also introduces the potential for sea salt aerosols, which can impact respiratory health. The prevailing winds generally blow from the northeast, carrying moisture and potentially pollutants from the coast and inland agricultural areas. The town’s relatively small population (12,892) suggests a primarily rural and agricultural economy, which, while generally less polluting than heavy industry, can still generate particulate matter from farming practices and seasonal burning.

Khunays experiences a Mediterranean climate, resulting in distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. The dry summer months (June-August) are typically characterized by high temperatures and minimal rainfall, leading to stagnant air conditions. The lack of precipitation and reduced wind speeds can trap pollutants, particularly those emitted from agricultural activities like fertilizer application and occasional field burning, although regulations aim to minimize this. Temperature inversions, common during these months, further exacerbate the problem by preventing vertical mixing of the atmosphere. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) generally offer improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and occasional rainfall, which helps to disperse pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the Sahara can occasionally impact air quality during these transitional periods, introducing significant particulate matter. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere. Fog, however, can form under certain conditions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the summer months, limiting outdoor activity during peak heat and avoiding areas with visible smoke. Spring and autumn offer more favourable conditions, but vigilance regarding dust events is advised. Agricultural workers should prioritize protective measures during fertilizer application and field work, and residents should be aware of potential impacts from regional industrial emissions.