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Dar Chabanne, nestled within the Nabeul Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position along the country’s northeastern coast. Located at approximately 36.47°N, 10.75°E, the city benefits from a relatively low elevation, averaging around 25 meters above sea level, contributing to a mild coastal climate. The surrounding landscape is a blend of fertile agricultural plains, characteristic of the Sahel region, and the Mediterranean coastline. This proximity to the sea moderates temperatures but also introduces marine influences on air quality, including salt spray and potential for coastal fog. Dar Chabanne sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves inland towards the more rugged terrain of the Tunisian interior. The city’s location is strategically important for agriculture, with surrounding areas dedicated to olive groves, citrus orchards, and vegetable farming – activities that, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized emissions from machinery and fertilizer use. Further inland, the presence of light industrial activity, particularly related to ceramics and textiles (common in the Nabeul region), adds another layer to the potential sources of air pollutants. The prevailing north-easterly winds, typical of the Tunisian coast, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, though their effectiveness can be hampered by certain meteorological conditions. The relatively flat terrain surrounding Dar Chabanne can also lead to the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air.

Dar Chabanne’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Mediterranean climate. The warm, dry summers (June-August) often see a build-up of pollutants due to high temperatures and reduced rainfall. Solar radiation promotes photochemical reactions, increasing ozone levels, while stagnant air conditions, occasionally occurring during heatwaves, trap emissions from local sources like agricultural activities and light industry. These months are generally less favourable for outdoor activities, particularly for children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions. The transition seasons, spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November), typically offer improved air quality with more frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds that help disperse pollutants. However, agricultural burning practices, common during autumn harvest, can lead to temporary spikes in particulate matter. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased humidity, which can sometimes lead to fog formation, trapping pollutants near the ground and reducing visibility. While overall winter pollution may not be as high as summer, the damp conditions can exacerbate respiratory issues. The prevailing north-easterly winds are generally beneficial for air quality, but their strength and consistency vary seasonally. During the summer months, these winds can weaken, leading to pollutant accumulation. Public health guidance emphasizes limiting strenuous outdoor activity during the hottest parts of the day in summer and being mindful of potential agricultural burning events in autumn. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial, especially for vulnerable populations.