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Sousse, Tunisia's third-largest city, occupies a strategic coastal position along the Gulf of Hammamet in the central-eastern Sahel region, where its geography profoundly shapes air quality patterns. Situated on a gently sloping coastal plain at an average elevation of just 2 meters above sea level, the city's urban core blends seamlessly with surrounding olive groves and agricultural lands, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient that influences pollutant dispersion. The Mediterranean Sea to the east provides natural ventilation through sea breezes, while to the west, the terrain gradually rises toward the Dorsal Mountains, which can occasionally trap pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. Sousse serves as a major economic hub for the Sahel region, with its port facilitating both tourism and commerce, though industrial activity remains relatively limited compared to larger Tunisian cities like Tunis or Sfax. The city's compact medina, a UNESCO World Heritage site, contrasts with modern expansions along the coast, where high-rise hotels and residential developments concentrate vehicular emissions and energy use. Agricultural burning in surrounding rural areas, particularly after harvest seasons, can contribute particulate matter, while Saharan dust intrusions from the south periodically elevate background pollution levels. The city's coastal orientation generally promotes better air quality than inland areas, but topographic features and urban density create microclimates where pollutants may accumulate, especially during periods of low wind.

Sousse experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations that directly influence air quality throughout the year. In winter (December-February), cooler temperatures and increased precipitation help cleanse the atmosphere, though occasional temperature inversions can trap pollutants near the surface, particularly during calm mornings. Spring (March-May) brings moderate conditions with rising temperatures and variable winds; this period often sees the highest frequency of Saharan dust events, which can significantly degrade air quality for several days at a time. Summer (June-August) features hot, dry weather with strong sea breezes that generally disperse pollutants effectively, but increased tourist activity and vehicular traffic along the coastal corridor can elevate local emissions, especially during peak afternoon hours. Autumn (September-November) transitions with decreasing temperatures and occasional stagnant conditions, sometimes allowing pollutants to accumulate, particularly when agricultural burning occurs in surrounding areas. Sensitive groups, including those with respiratory conditions, should be cautious during spring dust events and autumn periods when pollution may peak. For optimal outdoor activity, late spring and early autumn typically offer the most favorable air quality conditions, while winter mornings and summer afternoons near major roads may present localized concerns. Regular monitoring of local air quality reports is advised, especially for vulnerable populations during transitional seasons.