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La Marsa, a coastal municipality within the Tunis Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a strategically significant position along the Mediterranean Sea. Situated approximately 20 kilometers north of the Tunisian capital, its coordinates (36.8764, 10.3253) place it within a gently sloping coastal plain, transitioning to slightly elevated terrain further inland. The city’s urban fabric is characterized by a blend of residential areas, villas, and recreational spaces, reflecting its reputation as a desirable, affluent suburb. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of olive groves, citrus orchards, and vineyards, typical of the Tunisian Bardo region, contributing to a predominantly agricultural land use pattern in the immediate vicinity. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea exerts a powerful influence on La Marsa’s climate and, consequently, its air quality. Prevailing northerly winds, common throughout the year, often carry maritime air inland, which can both dilute pollutants and, under certain conditions, transport sea salt and moisture, impacting visibility. Further south, the sprawling industrial belt of Tunis, including significant petrochemical and manufacturing facilities, represents a potential source of pollutants that can be advected towards La Marsa, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city seamlessly blending into agricultural lands, minimizing the impact of extensive rural pollution sources. Elevation plays a minor role, with the terrain generally flat, preventing significant topographical influences on air flow and pollutant dispersion. The coastal location, combined with the regional agricultural activity and proximity to Tunis’s industrial zone, creates a complex interplay of factors shaping La Marsa’s air quality profile.

La Marsa’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm dictated by meteorological patterns. The dry summer months (June-August) typically see the highest concentrations of particulate matter, largely due to increased dust from the Sahara Desert, transported by infrequent but impactful southerly winds. These winds, coupled with high temperatures and reduced rainfall, create stable atmospheric conditions that inhibit pollutant dispersion, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated levels of fine particles. Conversely, the cooler, wetter months (October-March) generally offer improved air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, and stronger northerly winds facilitate their dispersal. The transitional spring (March-May) and autumn (September-October) periods are characterized by variable conditions, with occasional dust events from the south and periods of cleaner air driven by maritime breezes. Fog, particularly during the winter months, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months, limiting outdoor activity during peak heat and dust events. The spring and autumn months offer more favourable conditions for outdoor recreation, but vigilance regarding dust forecasts remains important. During periods of stagnant air, particularly in summer, it is advisable to keep windows closed and utilize air purifiers. The influence of the Mediterranean Sea moderates temperature extremes, but its role in transporting moisture and sea salt requires consideration, especially for individuals with sensitivities to allergens.