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Emirdağ, nestled in the Afyonkarahisar Province of Turkey, occupies a significant position within the inner Aegean Region. The city’s geography is defined by its location in a valley, surrounded by the rolling hills and plateaus characteristic of the region. Situated at coordinates 39.0167° N, 31.1500° E, Emirdağ benefits from a moderate elevation, influencing temperature patterns and air circulation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of wheat, barley, and sunflowers dominating the plains. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to particulate matter pollution through dust from tilling and harvesting, and potential ammonia emissions from fertilizer use. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to open farmland. Emirdağ is not directly adjacent to any major bodies of water, but benefits from groundwater resources. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of smaller-scale processing facilities related to agriculture and food production contributes to localised emissions. The valley location can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather, exacerbating air quality concerns. The terrain funnels winds, which can either disperse or concentrate pollutants depending on prevailing conditions. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Emirdağ.

Emirdağ experiences a continental climate with distinct seasonal variations that profoundly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) sees increasing agricultural activity, leading to a rise in particulate matter from field preparation. Winds are often variable, sometimes offering dispersal, but temperature inversions can trap pollutants in the valley. Summers (June-August) are typically dry and hot, with stable atmospheric conditions. Reduced rainfall means less natural scavenging of pollutants, and increased ozone formation due to high temperatures and sunlight. This is often the period of poorest air quality. Autumn (September-November) brings harvest time, again increasing dust and agricultural emissions. Cooler temperatures can lead to increased wood and coal burning for heating, adding to particulate pollution. Winter (December-February) is cold and snowy, with frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants close to the ground. Wood and coal burning for heating become dominant pollution sources. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and summer months. Avoiding peak agricultural periods in spring and autumn is also advisable. Monitoring local conditions and heeding any public health advisories is essential throughout the year.