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Söke, nestled in Aydın Province on Turkey’s Aegean coast, occupies a geographically significant position within the Büyük Menderes River Delta. The city itself sits approximately 15km inland from the Aegean Sea, at an elevation of around 45 meters, contributing to a relatively mild Mediterranean climate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by fertile agricultural plains, intensely cultivated with cotton, olives, and figs – a key economic driver for the region. To the east, the terrain rises towards the Aydın Mountains, creating a topographical barrier that can influence local wind patterns and potentially trap pollutants. Söke’s urban character is a blend of traditional Turkish architecture and modern development, reflecting its role as a regional market centre. The proximity to extensive agricultural activity introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field preparation, harvesting, and pesticide application. Furthermore, the delta’s unique ecosystem, while valuable, can experience localised stagnation of air masses, particularly during temperature inversions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits. Industrial activity is present, though less concentrated than in larger Turkish cities, but still contributes to the overall emission profile. This combination of factors dictates Söke’s specific air quality challenges.

Söke’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, largely dictated by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural burning and field preparation for the growing season, coupled with increased pollen counts. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, benefiting from prevailing sea breezes that disperse pollutants and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, prolonged heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) witnesses a return of agricultural activity – olive harvesting and cotton picking – again contributing to particulate matter. This period also experiences increased humidity and potential for fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is typically the calmest period, with a greater frequency of temperature inversions. These inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air below, can lead to pollutant build-up, particularly from residential heating using coal or wood. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Spring pollen can also trigger respiratory issues. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the east, carrying pollutants from inland sources, are less favourable.