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Kozluk, nestled within the Batman province of southeastern Turkey, occupies a geographically significant position within the Mesopotamian plain. Located at approximately 38.1944° N, 41.4911° E, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 750 meters (2,460 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally drier climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mix of semi-arid steppe and rolling hills, transitioning into the more rugged terrain of the Taurus Mountains to the south. This proximity to the mountains influences local wind patterns, often creating sheltered valleys where pollutants can accumulate. Kozluk’s urban character is that of a developing market town, serving as a regional hub for agricultural produce from the surrounding fertile plains. These plains are primarily used for wheat, barley, and pistachio cultivation, with associated agricultural activities contributing to particulate matter emissions, particularly during harvest seasons. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the Tigris River flows relatively close by, influencing regional humidity and potentially impacting atmospheric stability. The urban–rural gradient around Kozluk is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery. Further afield, the broader region is experiencing increasing industrial development, with Batman known for its oil and gas extraction, which can contribute to transboundary air pollution events. The topography, combined with agricultural practices and regional industrial growth, creates a complex interplay of factors affecting Kozluk’s air quality.

Kozluk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its semi-arid climate and meteorological patterns. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, with minimal rainfall and frequent periods of intense sunshine. This leads to stagnant air conditions, particularly during the afternoon hours, fostering the build-up of pollutants from local sources like agricultural burning and vehicle emissions. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the situation. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) offer slightly improved conditions, with more frequent wind events that help disperse pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including the burning of crop residues in autumn, can still lead to elevated particulate matter levels. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall, which can help cleanse the atmosphere. However, fog, a frequent occurrence during winter mornings, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility, creating localized air quality concerns. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during the hot, still summer afternoons and on foggy winter mornings. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of exposure during harvest and burning seasons. While rainfall generally improves air quality, the impact is often temporary, and localized pollution sources remain a persistent concern. The interplay of temperature, wind, and precipitation creates a dynamic air quality profile throughout the year, requiring ongoing monitoring and mitigation efforts.