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Söğüt, nestled in the Bilecik Province of Turkey, occupies a significant geographical position in the northwest of the country, approximately 220 kilometers east of Istanbul. The town is situated within the rolling hills of the Anatolian Plateau, at an elevation of around 730 meters, influencing its climate and air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by orchards, wheat fields, and olive groves, typical of the region’s fertile lands. The terrain is gently undulating, transitioning into more rugged hills further afield. Söğüt’s location isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though it lies within the Sakarya River basin, benefitting from the river’s influence on local humidity and microclimates. While not a heavily industrialized zone itself, Söğüt’s proximity to larger industrial areas in the Marmara Region contributes to long-range transport of pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is quite pronounced; Söğüt maintains a relatively small-town character, with surrounding villages engaged in agricultural activities. This blend of agricultural practices and potential pollutant influx from regional industry creates a unique air quality profile. The prevailing winds, often originating from the northwest, can carry pollutants towards Söğüt, while local topography can trap air masses, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Söğüt experiences a continental climate with distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) sees increasing agricultural activity, potentially raising particulate matter from field preparation and fertilizer use. Winds are variable, sometimes dispersing pollutants, other times allowing stagnation. Summers (June-August) are typically dry and hot, with stable atmospheric conditions that can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. This is often when background ozone levels are highest due to increased solar radiation. Autumn (September-November) brings increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the air, but also coincides with the start of heating season, leading to increased burning of wood and coal for domestic heating, raising PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. Winter (December-February) is the most challenging period for air quality. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants from heating sources, creating periods of poor air quality. Snowfall can temporarily improve conditions, but also disrupts transportation and increases reliance on solid fuel burning. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during winter months and periods of stagnant air. Avoiding outdoor activity during peak heating hours in the evening is advisable.