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Şenkaya, nestled in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey within the province of Erzurum, presents a unique geographic setting profoundly influencing its air quality. Situated at coordinates 40.5619°N, 42.3464°E, the city occupies a high-elevation plateau, averaging around 1,850 meters (6,070 feet) above sea level. This altitude contributes to colder temperatures and a shorter growing season. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rugged mountains and expansive steppes, characteristic of the Eastern Anatolian highlands. Şenkaya is not directly adjacent to any major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and streams dissect the terrain, originating from snowmelt in the higher elevations. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Şenkaya itself is a relatively small settlement, quickly transitioning to agricultural lands and sparsely populated mountainous areas. While not a major industrial hub, local economic activity centres around agriculture and animal husbandry. The valley location, while providing some degree of shelter, can also trap pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. The prevailing winds, often channeling through the valleys, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating airborne particles. The terrain’s complexity and elevation create microclimates that affect local air circulation patterns, impacting pollutant distribution and concentration within the city.

Şenkaya experiences a harsh continental climate, resulting in significant seasonal variations in air quality. Winters (November to March) are long and severe, with frequent snowfall and temperature inversions. These inversions trap cold air near the ground, concentrating pollutants from domestic heating – primarily coal and wood burning – leading to poorer air quality. January and February are typically the months with the most challenging conditions. Spring (April-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and snow melts, but dust from thawing ground and agricultural activities can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Summers (June-August) generally offer the cleanest air, with prevailing winds aiding dispersion and reduced heating demands. However, dry conditions can exacerbate dust issues. Autumn (September-October) sees a return to increased heating needs, coupled with agricultural burning of crop residue, potentially causing localised pollution spikes. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter inversions and periods of agricultural burning. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from agricultural areas during harvest season may carry higher pollutant loads. Fog, common in the colder months, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and worsening air quality.