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Dörtyol, nestled in the Hatay Province of Turkey, occupies a strategically important location at the foothills of the Amanos Mountains, bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Its coordinates (36.8428, 36.2244) place it within a region characterized by a complex interplay of coastal plains, rugged terrain, and fertile agricultural lands. The city’s elevation, averaging around 150 meters above sea level, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of olive groves, citrus orchards, and wheat fields, typical of the Eastern Mediterranean agricultural belt. To the east, the Amanos Mountains act as a barrier, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures but also bringing in saline aerosols and occasionally, dust from North Africa. Dörtyol’s urban character is primarily industrial, with a significant presence of coal-fired power plants and cement factories, contributing to localized air pollution. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the industrial core to agricultural areas. The city’s position along the Iskenderun Bay, a major port and industrial hub, means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution from neighboring industrial zones. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest during the cooler months, can either disperse or concentrate pollutants depending on atmospheric stability. The terrain’s undulating nature further complicates air quality, creating areas of stagnant air and localized pollution hotspots.

Dörtyol’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winters (December-February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold air masses frequently settle, leading to temperature inversions – a phenomenon where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. This, combined with reduced sunlight hours and increased domestic heating using biomass fuels, results in elevated particulate matter concentrations. The northerly winds, while generally dispersing pollutants, can also carry dust and moisture, exacerbating respiratory issues. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dilution. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and field burning (though increasingly regulated), can contribute to localized emissions. Summers (June-August) are generally the most favorable period, with consistent sea breezes and high temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-November) sees a transition period, with decreasing wind speeds and increasing humidity, potentially leading to a build-up of pollutants. Fog, common during autumn mornings, can trap pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air. Spring and autumn require awareness of agricultural emissions and potential fog events. During summer, while generally cleaner, heatwaves warrant similar precautions.