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Lüleburgaz, nestled in the Kırklareli Province of European Turkey, occupies a significant geographic position within the Thracian Basin. The city sits approximately 130km west of Istanbul, acting as a regional hub for the surrounding agricultural lands. Its coordinates (41.4056, 27.3569) place it on a gently undulating plain, with an elevation generally below 100 meters, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by fertile agricultural fields – particularly sunflower, wheat, and corn – interspersed with deciduous forests. The proximity to the Ergene River, while vital for irrigation, also presents a potential pathway for pollutant transport, especially during periods of low flow. Lüleburgaz isn’t directly within a major industrial belt, but benefits from transport links to industrial areas closer to Istanbul and Çorlu. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to farmland. This proximity to agricultural activity introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field preparation and harvesting, alongside ammonia emissions from fertilizer use. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, can carry pollutants from the Marmara Sea region, impacting local air quality. The city’s topography, lacking significant hills or valleys, limits natural ventilation, exacerbating pollution build-up during stagnant weather conditions.

Lüleburgaz experiences a temperate continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Winter (December-February) often sees increased particulate matter concentrations due to residential heating with coal and wood, coupled with temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. Fog, common during these months, further reduces visibility and exacerbates respiratory issues. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, but agricultural activities like field burning can temporarily elevate pollution levels. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, aided by prevailing winds and higher atmospheric mixing, though occasional heatwaves can lead to ozone formation. However, dry conditions can increase dust from agricultural lands. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period. Harvest activities contribute to particulate matter, and the return to heating in late November initiates a decline in air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter months and periods of agricultural burning. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the northwest may bring pollutants from the heavily populated Marmara region. Avoiding peak hours near roadways is also advisable.