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Soma, a city in Manisa Province, Turkey, is situated in a geographically complex region of western Anatolia. Located at coordinates 39.1883°N, 27.6089°E, the city occupies a valley amidst rolling hills and low mountains, part of the broader Gediz River basin. The terrain is characterised by a mix of agricultural land, particularly olive groves and vineyards, and areas historically dedicated to lignite coal mining, which profoundly shapes the city’s economic and environmental profile. Soma’s elevation, around 150 meters above sea level, contributes to the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. The Gediz River flows nearby, but its capacity to naturally dilute pollutants is limited by the industrial and agricultural runoff it receives. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, transitioning quickly to agricultural landscapes and mining areas. This proximity to both intensive agriculture and heavy industry creates a unique set of air quality challenges. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the surrounding topography, can either disperse or concentrate pollutants within the valley, impacting air quality across the city and surrounding settlements. The geological composition, rich in lignite, also contributes to particulate matter emissions during mining and combustion.

Soma experiences a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, significantly influencing its air quality patterns. Pollution levels typically peak during the winter months (November to February) due to increased coal burning for heating, coupled with temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Weak winds during these months exacerbate the problem, preventing dispersion. Fog is also common, further reducing visibility and concentrating particulate matter. Spring (March-May) sees improving conditions as temperatures rise and rainfall increases, washing away accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural burning of crop residue can temporarily degrade air quality. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with strong winds and dry conditions promoting dispersion, though occasional heatwaves can lead to ozone formation. Autumn (September-October) is a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing coal use, leading to a gradual deterioration in air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and autumn. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; periods of calm or winds from industrial areas should be avoided. Increased ventilation indoors is recommended during peak pollution times.