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Aybastı, nestled within the Ordu Province of Turkey, presents a compelling case study in Black Sea coastal geography and its influence on air quality. Situated at coordinates 40.6867°N, 37.3992°E, the town occupies a relatively high elevation within a landscape dominated by the Pontic Mountains. This mountainous terrain significantly impacts air circulation, creating localized pockets where pollutants can accumulate. The town’s proximity to the Black Sea, approximately 15km distant, introduces maritime influences – higher humidity and potential for sea breezes – but also limits widespread pollutant dispersion. Aybastı isn’t characterized by heavy industry; its economy is largely agrarian, focused on tea, hazelnuts, and livestock farming. However, agricultural practices, including the use of fertilizers and potential burning of agricultural waste, contribute to particulate matter and ammonia emissions. The surrounding landscape is heavily forested, offering some natural filtration, but also susceptible to forest fires which can dramatically worsen air quality. The urban-rural gradient is steep; Aybastı itself is a relatively small town, surrounded by sparsely populated rural areas. This means localized sources, like residential heating with wood or coal during winter, have a disproportionate impact. The valley location further concentrates air during temperature inversions.

Aybastı’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and human activity. Winter (December-February) typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures encourage increased use of coal and wood for heating, leading to elevated particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations. Stable atmospheric conditions and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants in the valley. Spring (March-May) brings improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though agricultural burning can cause temporary spikes in pollution. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, benefiting from prevailing winds and increased atmospheric mixing. However, prolonged dry spells can increase the risk of wildfires, posing a significant threat. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period. Hazelnut harvesting, a key local activity, can generate dust, and the return to heating fuels begins to degrade air quality. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during winter and periods of agricultural activity. Fog, common in the Black Sea region, can exacerbate pollution by trapping pollutants near the ground. Months to favour for outdoor activity are June through August, avoiding periods with reported wildfires.