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Söğütlü, nestled within Sakarya Province in northwestern Turkey, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 40.9000° N, 30.4833° E. The town’s landscape is dominated by rolling hills and valleys, characteristic of the Black Sea Region’s transitional terrain. Elevation varies, contributing to localized microclimates and influencing air circulation patterns. Söğütlü sits on the southern slopes of the Köroğlu Mountains, a range that moderates weather patterns and can trap pollutants under certain conditions. The surrounding area is a blend of agricultural land – primarily orchards and hazelnut plantations – and forested areas, typical of the region. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter from agricultural burning and fertilizer use. The proximity to the İzmit Bay, roughly 30 kilometers to the west, introduces a maritime influence, occasionally bringing in sea breezes that can disperse pollutants, but also potentially carrying coastal air quality issues inland. Söğütlü’s urban character is that of a developing town, transitioning from a rural agricultural center to a more urbanized area. It lies within a broader urban–rural gradient, with larger industrial zones concentrated closer to İzmit and Istanbul, though some smaller-scale industrial activity exists within Sakarya Province. The town’s location, nestled within this hilly terrain and agricultural belt, creates a complex interplay of factors that directly impact its air quality, making it susceptible to both regional and local pollution sources.

Söğütlü’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and surrounding landscape. Winter months (December-February) often present the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, lead to pollutant accumulation. Reduced wind speeds during this period further exacerbate the problem, limiting dispersion. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, contributes significantly to particulate matter pollution during these months. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, pollen levels also rise, impacting respiratory health. Summer (June-August) generally sees the best air quality, with consistent breezes from the Black Sea and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period. As temperatures cool, the risk of temperature inversions returns, and agricultural burning resumes, leading to a gradual decline in air quality. Fog, common during autumn and winter, can also trap pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor activity on days with visibly reduced air quality. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial.