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Çarşamba, situated in the Samsun Province of Turkey, occupies a crucial position in the western Black Sea region. The city’s coordinates (41.1992, 36.7275) place it within a relatively flat, alluvial plain formed by the Kızılırmak (Red River) delta. This terrain, though fertile and conducive to agriculture, presents challenges for air dispersion. Çarşamba is approximately 30km inland from the Black Sea coast, meaning coastal breezes offer limited direct mitigation of inland pollution sources. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural lands – particularly rice paddies and hazelnut orchards – which, while economically vital, contribute to seasonal particulate matter from harvesting and agricultural practices. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to farmland. Samsun city, a significant industrial and port hub, lies to the west, and its industrial emissions can be transported towards Çarşamba depending on prevailing wind patterns. The relatively low elevation (around 40-50m above sea level) can exacerbate temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially during colder months. The Kızılırmak River, while a vital water source, doesn’t provide significant air quality benefits due to its flow direction and limited surface area for pollutant deposition.

Çarşamba’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for planting, coupled with increased pollen counts. Winds are variable, sometimes aiding dispersion, but often stagnant. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with higher temperatures promoting better atmospheric mixing and rainfall acting as a natural scrubber. However, heatwaves can lead to localised ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing heating demands. Agricultural residue burning continues, and the first temperature inversions begin to form, trapping pollutants. November often sees a significant deterioration in air quality. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period. Heating with coal and wood is common, contributing significantly to PM2.5 and PM10 levels. Frequent temperature inversions, caused by cold, dense air settling in the valley, prevent pollutants from dispersing. Fog is also common, further reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during November-February and be mindful of agricultural burning periods in spring.